This chapter covers many aspects of sweetpotato improvement with emphasis on the developing world. It includes sections on the history of sweetpotato cultivation, general crop biology, the complex genetics and breeding challenges encountered by breeders seeking to improve the crop, crossing and breeding strategies for key traits, germplasm relations and the potential of wild relatives for crop improvement, and a section on seed production and the development of sustainable seed systems. It concludes with a review of advances in molecular genetics and genomics of the crop and the potential uses of these tools for sweet potato improvement.