Collecting and characterizing plant material is a basic component of crop improvement, and diversity has long been seen as vital for rational management and use of crops. Thirty (30) morphological characters and thirty (30) simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were used to assess the diversity among 112 sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas [L.] Lam) cultivars in Burkina Faso and to develop a core collection. Eight morphological characters were able to differentiate the 112 accessions and to identify 11 duplicates while 28 SSR markers were more informative in discriminating the accessions and to identify five duplicates. The diversity assessment using the two approaches revealed high diversity with a coefficient of 0.73 using the phenotypic data, while moderate diversity with a coefficient of 0.49 was obtained using the SSR markers. These results show no correlation between the two approaches (with dissimilarity index of 0.95). A core collection was constituted using the SSR based data while the eight discriminative phenotypic descriptors will be used in the identification of cultivars.